Coordinated signals from the DNA repair enzymes PARP-1 and PARP-2 promotes B-cell development and function. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30996287]] Extracellular adenosine reversibly inhibits the activation of human regulatory T cells and negatively influences the achievement of the operational tolerance in liver transplantation. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30019408]] PARP-1/PARP-2 double deficiency in mouse T cells results in faulty immune responses and T lymphomas. [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28181505]]